Som lab manual mdu

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Also take into account your audience's language abilities — employees with limited English skills may be better served with graphics and photographs. Use your template as an outline. Whatever template you choose, think of it as an outline; as you research procedures, you can add details without worrying about the structure of your document.

For ideas, see the format and template sections in this article. Test your SOPs against the processes. Ask people who perform the tasks daily, those with different levels of knowledge, and those with no knowledge of the tasks to follow your procedures while performing those tasks. The amount of testing you conduct depends on the time and employees you can spare, as well as on the criticality of the process. Ensure that your documents make sense.

Define measures for the success of your SOPs. To understand whether your SOPs serve their purpose, define metrics for them. Get the opinion of a seasoned outside r. If you have the option, ask an outsider with knowledge of your business and processes to review your SOPs.

Large organizations, especially those that operate under regulatory or other standards, may require official approval and signoff for SOPs.

Document reviews may include the quality assurance team and senior staff. Plan for updates and an annual document review. Some standards, such as ISO , require regular internal audits. Organizations should review documents at least once a year. Determine now who has oversight responsibilities for the SOPs. Assess the risks in the processes.

With your formal SOPs in place, look at what could go wrong. Which processes have the greatest chance of producing defects? Which production process for an item or service is most likely to injure the end customer and involve the organization in a lawsuit?

Work on minimizing those risks. Finalize and implement the SOPs. To keep track of changes and the location of your documents, decide on a document control process. A version control program can help with tracking document revisions and archiving old versions.

Before you share the new or updated SOPs, reflect on your purpose for creating the documents: If you are attempting to standardize behavior or if process updates will result from improvements or regulatory changes, employees probably need training to reinforce the new procedures. There are four structural approaches to creating an SOP format: Checklists:. Some designs include page numbers and other meta information in the footer.

Title Page: Frequently, the title page of an SOP includes not just identification information, but also approval signatures and version information. Table of Contents: A table of contents helps readers find the sections of the document they need.

For PDFs or online documents, hyperlinked tables of contents are essential for taking users directly to the desired information. Purpose: Very briefly describe your goal in assembling the document. Scope: Scope delineates who is responsible for the procedure or what activities the procedure describes. It can also be helpful to describe what is out of scope for the document. Procedures: Procedures include the step-by-step descriptions of how to perform tasks and can include some of the following sections.

Clearly mark each section so that readers who need specific information can easily find it. List full titles and document numbers, as applicable. Roles and Responsibilities: Specify what roles are responsible for performing these activities. Appendices: Include any supporting documentation that may not fit within the flow of the procedures.

You may add workflow diagrams here. Revision History: This often appears in a dedicated block on the cover or on one of the first few pages of the document. This signature block often appears on the cover or on one of the first few pages of the document.

Pictorial Standard Operating Procedure Template. Simple Standard Operating Procedure Template. Long Standard Operating Procedure Template. Here are some important elements to keep in mind: Answer These Questions: Procedures are about relationships and controls. Explain what needs to happen in processes and workflows using these cues: Who does what?

How do they do it? What steps do they follow? What tools do they use? How often do they perform the steps? What is the result? Avoid Ambiguity, Jargon, and Wordiness: Users can get bogged down when following a procedure if steps lack precision or clarity. Here are some SOP writing samples: An Example of a Poorly Written Step: Be sure that you use your hand trowel to create a furrow in the soil before you start planting pea seeds.

An Improvement on the Step Above: Create a furrow before planting pea seeds. Designing Procedures: Some pundits say that anything you do three or more times requires a procedure, yet only certain processes need procedures. If the process is a complex one that you perform twice a year, you need a procedure.

One caveat is to avoid creating a procedure if you know the process will soon change. SOPs need enough detail and no more to ensure consistent performance. Graphics and Charts: Good pictures can convey 1, words, communicating information in a glance that might take a paragraph to describe. In addition, flow charts, graphs, photos, drawings, and even video can break up long blocks of text. Work instructions may consist mainly of graphics. However, remember to balance visuals with the need to describe methodologies, required tools, and health and safety warnings.

Images alone may not be enough. Pan and Scan: Make documents scannable. Use lists and bullets. Publishing and Storing SOPs: Whether you publish your SOPs in print or online, be sure that they are accessible by managers and employees wherever they work; in this day and age, that includes remote workers and those in the field.

People will adhere to processes when documents are easy to find and read. Use Correct Notation: Large companies or departments that work with other large enterprises frequently use a common language for documenting workflows. For further information on this topic, see this article on business process modeling and notation BPMN.

Your approach to writing and formatting a document that complies with regulatory requirements likely differs from your plan for a document used by employees on a packaging line. How Do You Write a Procedure? Follow these steps for clear and effective writing: Write concise, clear, step-by-step instructions, with details in the order they occur.

Think of your steps as describing a cause and effect. For example, to boil water, follow these steps: 1. Take kettle to tap. Add water. Set kettle switch to On. Use as many words as you need but no more to clearly describe steps. Where possible, avoid jargon and long or technical words. Write in the third person. Clearly articulate decision points. Create SOPs in the language, style, and format best suited to your organization. Johnston describes what one of his clients created for their franchises: The client mapped out how the system worked as a whole and documented that process in the manual.

The manual triggered the processes, which were high-level descriptions of what should happen. The processes triggered the SOPs. The skills matrices referred back to the SOPs for training. What Is a Procedure Example? Entrance and exit losses. The viscous friction loss or m ajor loss in head potential energy due to friction is given by.

Note down the relevant dimensions as diameter and length of pipe between the pressure tapping, area of collecting tank etc. Pressure tapping of a pipe is kept open while for other pipe is closed. The flow rate was adjusted to its maximum value. By maintaining suitable amount of steady flow in the pipe. The discharge flowing in the circuit is recorded together with the water level in the left and right limbs of manometer tube.

This procedure is repeated by closing the pressure tapping of this pipe, together with other pipes and for opening of another pipe. Manometer Reading. Discharge Measurement. Di ff erence of head in ter m s of water. Aim: To deter m ine the coefficient o f discharge of Venturi m eter. Apparatus: Venturi m eter, installed on different dia m eter pipes, arrange m ent of varying flow rate, U- tube m ano m eter, collecting tube tank.

Venturi m e t er is a device used for m easuring the rate of fluid flowing through a pipe. The consist of t h ree part in short. Converging area part.

Diverging part. Apparatus: Supply tank with overflow arrange m ent, Ori f ice plate of different dia m eter, hook gauge, collecting tank, piezo m etric tube. Theory: A mouthpiece is a short length of pipe which is t w o or three ti m es its dia m eter in length.

If there pipe is fi ll e d exter n ally to the o ri f ices, the mouthpiece is called external c y lin dr ical m outhpiece a n d discharge through orifice inc r ease is a s m all opening of any cross- s ection on the side of bottom of the tank, through which the fluid is flowing orifice coefficient of velocity is d e fined as the ratio of two actual dischar g e to ori f ice ratio of the actual velo c ity o f the jet at vena- contra c t a to the co eff i cient of theoretic a l velocity of the jet coefficient of con t raction of defined as ratio of the actual vel o city o f jet at ve n a- contr a cta.

Coeffi c i ent of velo c i t y: It is a r a tio of actual v e locity jet a t v ena-co n tra c ta to the o retical v e locity. Set the mouthpiece of orifice of which the Cc, Cu, Cd are to be determined.

Note the initial height of water in the steady flow tank and the height of datum from the bottom of orifice and mouthpiece. These remains constant for a particular mouthpiece or orifice. By using the stop valve, set a particular flow in tank and tank height of water in tank. Take the reading of discharge on this particular flow. Using hook gauge, find the volume of Xo Y for mouthpiece. Take three readings using hook gauge for one particular orifice.

Using the formula get value of Cd, Cu, and Cc for a particular orifice and mouthpiece. Apparatus: A supply tank of water, a tapered inclined pipe fitted with no.

Open the inlet valve slowly and allow the water to flow from the supply tank. Now adjust the flow to get a constant head in the supply tank to make flow in and out flow equal. Under this condition the pressure head will become constant in the piezometer tubes. Note down the quantity of water collected in the measuring tank for a given interval of time.

Compute the area of cross-section under the piezometer tube. Compute the area of cross- section under the tube. Change the inlet and outlet supply and note the reading. Take at least three readings as described in the above steps.

Area of. Under foot Of each point. Of water. Under foot. Of each point. Aim: To find critical Reynolds number for a pipe flow. Apparatus: Flow condition i n let sup p ly, elli p tical belt type arrange m ent for coloured fluid with regulating valve, collecting tank. Theory: It is defined as the ratio of inertia force of a flowing fluid to the viscous force of the fluid. Fill the supply tank some times before the experiment.

The calculated fluid is filled as container. Now set the discharge by using the valve of that particular flow can be obtained. The type of flow of rate is glass tube is made to be known by opening the valve of dye container. Take the reading of discharge for particular flow. Using the formula set the Reynolds no. Di ff erence. Volu m e. Aim: To determine the Meta-centric height of a floating body.

Due to this couple the body remains stable. At rest both the points G and B also Fb x Wc act through the same vertical line but in opposite direction. The distance between G and M is known as metacentre height which is measure of static stability.

Note down the dimensions of the collecting tank, mass density of water. Note down the water level when pontoon is outside the tank. Note down the water level when pontoon is inside the tank and their difference.

Fix the strips at equal distance from the center.